|==chapter 23 ?
the post war poets
the confessional school
– usually used to certain poet of the united state from the late 50s to the late 1960s
common feature
– merciless, painful self-analysis of one’s own history, one’s own most secret desires and illusions
– urgent ‘i’ll-tell-it-all-to-you’?impulse
representatives
– robert lowell
– anne sexton
– sylvia plath
?
1.?robert lowell (1917 ~ 1977) ?????????????
罗伯特·洛威尔
– unintentionally started a new school of poetry, the confessional school poetry.
– turned from salvation and painful introspection, from ‘city of god’?to the ‘city of men’
– he dissect his national culture.
?
life experience
came from a distingished new england family
this background endowed him with culture and taste
he examine and dissect the decline of his new england tradition.
-in 1946, his second volume lord weary’s castle?won the pulizter prize
– later his poetic style became a open form.
– won the national book award for life studies
?
major work
land of unlikeness ?????????????????????
《不一样的国度》
lord weary’s castle??????????????????
《维尔利老爷家的城堡》
the mills of the kavanaughs ???????????
《卡瓦纳家族的磨坊》
life studies ?????????????????????????????
《生命研究》
for the union dead ?????????????????
《为联邦军阵亡将士而作》
history ???????????????????????????????????
《历史》
day by day ??????????????????????????????
《日复一日》
?
analysis of life of studies
– regarded as the masterpiece of confession poetry.
– made of four parts
part one:?
four poems, defines the situation of human behavior
part two:?
prose section. autobiographical.
concern over the declining new england culture.
part three:?
four poems, to explore whether aesthetic redemption is possible.??
part four: ?
life studies, includes two parts of together 15 poems
11 poems related to related to failure?
the first 7 poems are centered on the lowell family’s
?the later 4 poems are centered on his own failure
skunk hour:?
the most well-known one of his poem.
describes when people realize their embarrassments and predicaments, when the poet is at the lowest circle of hell, and achieves self-realization and prophetically appeals humankind to follow.
?
2.?sylvia plath?(1932 ~ 1963) ??????????????
?西尔维娅·普拉斯
write to removing her keen ‘existential anxiety’
theme: suffering, death and agony
her poetic art transmutes her individual experience to made it accessible to most people.
?
major works
a winter ship ????????????????????????????
《冬天的船》
the colossus and other poems???????????
?《巨人以及其他诗歌》
winter trees ??????????????????????????????
《爱丽儿》
fiesta melons ????????????????????????
《水晶球占卜师及其他》
crossing the water??????????????????????????
?《渡河》
lyonesse: hitherto uncollected poems??
《莱昂尼斯:迄今为止未收录的诗歌》
pursuit????????????????????????????????????
《追求》
the bell jar ???????????????????????????????
《钟形坛》
?
3.?anne sexton?(1928 ~ 1974) ?
安妮·塞克斯顿
– her urgent desire to unleash her suppressed internal pressure is clearly shown in her poetry
– theme: madness, victimization, sense if engulfing chaos, fascination with suicide and death, incest, adultery, illegitimacy, guilty and addiction constitute her fundamental theme.
?
major works
live or die ??????????????????????????????????
《生或死》
to bedlam and part way back ?????????????
《去精神病院中途返回》
all my pretty ones ???????????????????????
《所有我可爱的人》
transformations ??????????????????????????????
《变形》
the death of notebooks ?????????????????????
《死亡笔记》
the awful rowing toward god ?????????????
《庄重地划向上帝》
‘her kind’? ? ? ? ? ? ?

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?《她那一类》
‘housewife’? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?《家庭主妇》
‘young’? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?《年幼》
‘the farmer’s wife’? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?《农夫的妻子》
‘death baby’? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 《死亡宝贝》
?
the beat generation
features and themes
– the 1950s witness a sweeping discontentment among the postwar generation, they protested against all the american mainstream culture
– ‘beat’?represent a rebellious attitude toward traditional values toward sex, religion, the arts, and the american way of life.
– depression, despair, and the need to flee into an unconventional, sometimes communal, living mode shaped this rebellious attitude.
?
representatives
jack kerouac
william burroughs
allen ginsberg
lawrence felinghett
gary snyder
?
?
4.?allen ginsberg?(1926 ~ 1997)??????????????????
艾伦·金斯堡
a rebel, a trailblazer, and an explorer of the unknown
and the poet laureate of the beat generation may best conclude a
he and other people formed the heart of the beat generation
columbia suspended him for his graffiti on classroom windows
?
literary point of view
– the fullest art, the most individual, uninfluenced, unrepressed, uninhibited expression of art, is true expression and true art
– describe contemporary life in daily speech
?
major works
howl ?????????????????????????????????????????《嚎叫》
‘america’????????????????????????????????????《美国》
the fall of america ?????????????《美国的衰落》
?
analysis of howl
– typical of ginsberg’s life. consist three sections.
– features:
◎anti-mainstream way of living
vision and power, ambition and sense of historical mission
◎depth of despair and in face of the threat of failure
◎attack american’s mechanical civilization
◎the last section is at once an elegy about the possible defeat at the hands of fate and an effort to brace for the future.
– imitate the cataloging form of whitman’s prose poetry and william carlos william’s tone and rhythm.
?
5.?gray snyder (1930 ~ ?) ????加里·斯奈达
?only second to ginsburg in reputation
?
literature point of view
– the wilderness can always stimulate human
– hold history and wildness in his mind so that his poetry may approach the true measure of things and stand against the unbalance and ignorance of his time.
– the stillness among the dynamic universe is fundamental to snyder’s poetic concern.
– snyder believes in the mission of the poet is to find poetic concern.
– snyder believes in the mission of the poet is to find poetic which is exclusive to nature.
?
major works
‘mid-august at sourdough mountain lookout’?
《八月中旬的苏德尔山瞭望点》
‘stillness’????????????????????????????????? ? ?
《静止》
‘straight-creek-great burn’????????????????
《笔直的小溪》
‘riprap’???????????????????????????????????
《砌石》
‘it was when’????????????????????????????
《就在那时》
‘song of the taste’????????????????????????
《品味之歌》
?
6.?w.s. merwin ?(1927 ~ ?) ???????????w. s. 默温
theme
– generally concerned with the dilemmas of humankind and the wholesome effect of the natural world
– difficulties of humankind and the healthy influence of nature
?
major works
‘the asians dying’? ? ? ? ? ??《亚洲人正在死亡》
‘for a coming extinction’? ? ? ? ? ? ?
《为即将到来的灭亡而作》
‘summer doorway’????????????????????
《夏天的门洞里》
‘the drunk in the furnace’??????????????????
《路边醉汉》
?
7.?robert bly (1926 ~ ?) ?????????????????
罗伯特·布莱
literary point of view
surrealism
poet should liberate himself from ration and reveal the lurking consciousness in the mind.
‘deep image’:?modern poetry should grasp the flowing spiritual power
?
major works
silence in the snowfields ??????????????????
《雪地里的寂静》
the light around the body? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
《身体周围的光》
this tree will be here for a thousand years???
《此树在此待千年》
?
?
8.?james wright (1927 ~ 1980) ???????????????
詹姆斯·赖特
writing style
first writing poems in traditional forms
later turned to a new poetry
– leaping images
– free verse
– american colloquial speech
?
major works
the green walls ?????????????????????《绿墙》
saint judas? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 《圣犹大》
to a blossoming pear tree ???????????????
《致鲜花盛开的梨树》
this journey? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?《此行》